Author: Oskar Pecyna
Ammonia is an essential global commodity. From its indispensable role in agriculture as a fertilizer to its diverse applications in industry and beyond, the importance of ammonia cannot be overstated. Approximately 183 mt of ammonia is produced annually, nearly all of which is generated from fossil fuels: natural gas 72%, coal (22%), naphtha, and heavy fuel oil (Hatfield, 2020).
Source: IRENA Innovation outlook renewable ammonia
The largest application of ammonia is in the production of fertilizers. Ammonia is a crucial component in nitrogen-based fertilizers, which are essential for modern agriculture to enhance crop yields and ensure food security for a growing global population.
It is also a promising prospect for hydrogen carriers. Using ammonia as a hydrogen carrier involves the production of ammonia using renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar power, through a process called electrolysis. This process involves splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The produced hydrogen is then combined with nitrogen to form ammonia through the Haber-Bosch process. Once produced, ammonia can serve as a means of storing and transporting hydrogen.
Based on its current applications, global ammonia demand is expected to increase to 223 Mt by 2030 and 333 Mt in 2050 in a 1.5°C scenario.
One of the key problems in green ammonia production is that new / emerging technologies are still not cost-competitive when compared with conventional fossil fuel-based ammonia (e.g., through steam methane reforming). Currently, multiple innovative projects are being proposed to address this problem.
The widespread applications of ammonia across agriculture, industry, the environment, and everyday life underscore its status as an essential commodity. From fueling agricultural productivity and industrial processes to safeguarding water quality and facilitating cleanliness, the significance of ammonia permeates virtually every facet of modern civilization. As we navigate the challenges of sustainability and resource management, recognizing and appreciating the indispensable role of ammonia becomes paramount in shaping a more resilient and prosperous future for generations to come.
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